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विभक्ति
(Case)
Meaning Examples
१.
प्रथमा
(nominative)
• Grammatical 'subject' of the finite verb.
नृपः वदति
"The king speaks."
२.
द्वितीया
(accusative)
• Grammatical 'object' of the finite verb.
• The 'goal' of a verb of motion.
पुरुषः मृगम् हन्ति
"The man kills the deer."
रामः वनम् गच्छति
"Rāma goes to the forest."
३.
तृतीया
(instrumental)
• "With", "by", "using" X.
सः शरेण बालकम् हन्ति
"He kills the boy with an arrow."
मूर्खः नृपेण त्यजते
"The fool is abandoned by the king."
४.
चतुर्थी
(dative)
• "To", "for" X.
द्विजः पुत्राय सर्वम् ददाति
"He gives everything to his son."
भोजनाय आगच्छामि
"I come for food."
५.
पञ्चमी
(ablative)
• "From", "due to", "because of" X.
• Objects of fear.
कुमारः नगरात् वनम् गच्छति
"The boy goes to the forest from the city."
रामः राक्षसात् न बिभेति
"Rāma does not fear the demon."
६.
षष्ठी
(genitive)
• "Of" X.
• Possessives.
ब्राह्मणस्य पुत्रः अस्ति
"The brāhman has a son."
(lit. "The son of the brāhman is.")
७.
सप्तमी
(locative)
• "In", "on", "with respect to" X.
• Objects of love, attachment or devotion.
द्विजः वृक्षे वसति
"The bird lives in the tree."
नृपः धर्मे रतः अस्ति
"The king is devoted to dharma."
सम्बोधन
(vocative)
• "Hey", "Oh" X!
हे राम, हे सीते
"Hey Rāma, hey Sīta!"
Transliterate देवनागरी ⇔ IAST